Cha.1ST
NUTRITION IN PLANTS
1. Nutrients: Carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamins and minerals are the components
of food. These components of food are necessary for our body and are called
nutrients.
2. Nutrition: The mode of taking food by an organism and its utilization by the body
is called nutrition.
3. Autotrophs: Green plants synthesize their food themselves by the process of
photosynthesis. They are called autotrophs.
4. Heterotrophs: Animals and most other organisms take in readymade food prepared by
the plants. They are called heterotrophs.
5. Stomata: Carbon dioxide from air is taken in through the tiny pores present on
the surface of the leaves. These pores are surrounded by ‘guard cells’. Such
pores are called stomata.
6. Photosynthesis: The process by which plants synthesize their food using carbon
dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight is called photosynthesis.
7. Host: Parasite plant takes readymade food from the plant on which it is
climbing. The plant on which it climbs is called the host.
8. Parasite: An organism which lives in or on another organism and deprives the
host of valuable nutrients is called a parasite.
9. Saprotrophs: The mode of nutrition in which organisms take in nutrients from dead
and decaying matter is called saprotrophic nutrition. Plants which use
saprotrophic mode of nutrition are called saprotophs.
10. Symbiotic relationship: Some organisms live together and share shelter and nutrients. This is
called symbiotic relationship.
2nd.
Nutrition in Animals
1. Digestion: The
breakdown of complex food into simpler
substance is called digestion.
2. Alimentary canal: The food passes through a
continuous canal which begins at buccal cavity and ends at anus. This canal is
called alimentary canal.
3. Digestive system: The digestive tract and the associated glands together constitute a
system. This system is called digestive system.
4. Ingestion: The
process of taking food into the body is called ingestion.
5. Tooth decay: The
bacteria present in our mouth breakdown the sugar present from leftover food
and release acids. The acids gradually damage the teeth. This is called tooth
decay.
6. Absorption: The
digested food can pass into the blood vessels in the wall of small intestine.
This process is called absorption.
7. Villi: The inner
wall of the intestine have thousands of finger-like
outgrowth. Which help in absorption of the digested food. These are called
villi.
8. Assimilation: The
absorbed substances are transported via the
blood vessels to different organs of the body where they are used to
build complex substances such as the protein required by the body. This is
called assimilation.
9. Egestion: The faecal
matter is removed through the anus from time to time. This is called egestion.
10. Diarrhoea: Sometimes
a person may need to pass watery stool frequently. This condition is called diarrhoea.
11. Cud: The
partially digested food in the rumen of grass eating animals is called cud.
12. Rumination: The
cud returns to the mouth in small lumps and the animals chews it. This process
is called rumination.
13. Ruminant: The
cud returns to mouth in small lumps and the animals chew it. This process is
called rumination and these animals are called ruminants.
4th. Heat
1. Temperature: The measure of hotness of an object is called temperature.
2. Thermometer: A device used for measuring
the temperature is called thermometer.
3. Clinical thermometer: The thermometer that measures our body
temperature is called clinical thermometer.
4. Conduction: The process
by which heat is transferred from
the hotter end to colder
end of an
object is known
as conduction.
5. Conductor: The materials
which allow heat
to pass through
them easily are
called conductor.
6. Insulator: The material
which do not
allow heat to
pass through them
easily are called
insulator.
7. Convection: Transfer of
heat in liquids and
gases is causes
by the tendency
of warmer material
to rise. This process of heat transfer is called
convection.
8. Sea breeze: During the
day the land
gets heated faster
than the water. The air over the land becomes hotter
and rises up. The cooler air from the sea moves in towards the land to take its
place. This air from the sea is called sea breeze.
9. Land breeze: At night, the water
cools down more slowly than the land. So, the cool air from the land moves
towards the sea. This process is called land breeze.
10. Radiation: All hot bodies emit heat. This
heat is transferred into the surroundings whether a medium is present or not.
This process is called radiation.
5. Acids and
Bases
1. Acid: Some substances taste sour and also turn blue litmus paper red. They
are called acids.
2. Base: Some substances taste bitter and feel soapy in touch. They turn red
litmus paper blue. They are called bases.
3. Acidic: The chemical nature of acids is called acidic.
4. Basic: The chemical nature of bases is called basic.
5. Indicators: Some special type of substances are used to test whether the
substances are acidic or basic. These substances are called indicators.
6. Neutral solutions: The solutions
which do not change the colour of either red or blue litmus are known as
neutral solutions.
7. Neutral solution: The solution
which does not change the colour of either red or blue litmus is called neutral
solution.
6th. Physical and Chemical Changes
1. Physical properties: Properties such
as shapes, size, colour and state of a substance are called its physical
properties.
2. Physical Change: A change in which a
substance undergoes a change in its physical properties are called physical
change.
3. Rusting: When a piece of iron is left in the open for some time, it acquires a
film of brownish substance. This substance is called rust and the process is
called rusting.
4. Chemical change: A change in which
one or more new substances are formed is called chemical change.
5. Chemical reaction: A reaction in
which one or more new substances are formed is called chemical change and a
chemical change is also called chemical reaction.
6. Galvanisation: The process of depositing a layer of zinc on iron is called
galvanisation.
10. Respiration in
organisms
1. Cell: The smallest structural and
functional unit of an organism is called cell.
2. Respiration: The process of breakdown
of food in the cell with the release of energy is called respiration.
3. Anaerobic Respiration: The breakdown
of food in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration.
4. Anaerobes: The organisms such as yeast
that can survive in absence of air are called anaerobes.
5. Inhalation: The taking of air rich in
oxygen into the body is called inhalation.
6. Exhalation: The giving out air rich in
carbon dioxide is called exhalation.
7. Breathing: Taking in air rich in oxygen
and giving out rich carbon dioxide with the help of respiratory organs is
called breathing.
8. Breathing rate: The number of times a
person breath in a minute is termed as the breathing rate of that person.
9. Spiracles:
The insects have a small openings for breathing on the sides of its body. These
openings are called spiracles.
10. Tracheae: Insects have a network of air
tubes for gas exchange. These are called tracheae.
11. Aerobic respiration: The breakdown of food in presence of oxygen is called
aerobic respiration.
Cha. 11: Transportation
in Animals and Plants
1. Plasma: The fluid part of the blood is
called plasma.
2. Haemoglobin: The red
pigment present in the red blood cells is called haemoglobin.
3. Capillaries: The
extremely thin tubes of the blood vessels are called capillaries.
4. Pulse: The throbbing
caused due to the blood flowing in the arteries is called pulse.
5. Pulse rate: The number of heart beats per
minute is called pulse rate.
6. Vein: The vessels which
carry carbon dioxide-rich blood from all parts of the body back to the heart is
called vein.
7. Artery: The vessels which
carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to all parts of the body called artery.
8. Atria: The two upper
chambers of the heart are called atria.
9. Ventricle: The two lower chambers of the
heart are called ventricles.
10. Excretion: The process
of removal of wastes produced in the cells of the living organisms is called
excretion.
11. Xylem: The vascular
tissue for the transport of water and nutrients in the plants is called the
xylem.
12. Phloem: The vascular tissue for the transport of food to the various parts of the plants is called phloem.
12. Phloem: The vascular tissue for the transport of food to the various parts of the plants is called phloem.
12. Reproduction in plant
1. Reproduction: The production of new individuals from their parents is known as
reproduction
2. Unisexual flowers: The flowers which
contain either only the pistil or only the stamens are called unisexual
flowers.
3. Bisexual Flowers: The flowers which
contain both stamens and pistil are called bisexual flowers.
4. Pollination: the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower is
called pollination.
5. Self-pollination: If the pollen lands on the stigma of the same flower, it is called
self-pollination.
6. Cross-pollination: When the
pollen of a flower lands on the stigma of another flower of the same plant or
that of a different plant of the same kind, it is called cross-pollination.
7. Zygote: The cell which results after fusion of the gametes is
called zygote.
8. Fertilisation: The process of fusion of male and female gametes is
called fertilisation.
9. Sexual reproduction (in
plants): Reproduction in which new plants are obtained from seeds is called
sexual reproduction.
10. Asexual reproduction (in plants):
Reproduction in which new plants are obtained without seeds or spores is called
asexual reproduction.
Chapter 13 Motion and Time
.
1.Speed: The distance covered by an
object in a unit time is called speed.
2. Average
speed: The total distance covered by
an object in the given time is called its average speed.
3. Uniform motion: If the speed of an object moving along a straight line is
constant, the motion is called uniform
motion.
4. Non- uniform motion: If the speed an
object moving along a straight line keeps changing its motion is called non-
uniform motion.
5. Oscillatory motion: The to and fro
motion of an object (like a simple pendulum) is called oscillatory motion.
6. Time period: The time taken by an object (like a simple pendulum) to
complete one oscillation is called its time period.
Chapter 14 Electric
Current and its Effect
1.
Battery: A combination of two or more cells is called
battery.
2.
Electric component:
The different parts of an electric circuit like wire, electric cell, switch,
electric bulb etc are called electric components.
3.
Circuit diagram:
The representation of an electric circuit using the symbols of its electric
components is called circuit diagram.
4.
Electromagnet: A current carrying coil of insulated wire wrapped
around a piece of iron is called an electromagnet.
5.
Fuse: The safety device based on the
heating effect of electric current which protects the electric circuit from
short circuit is called a fuse.
6. Heating effect of current: The wire gets hot when
electric current passes through it. This property is called heating effect of
current.
7. Magnetic effect of current: When electric current passes
through a wire, it behaves like a magnet. This property is called magnetic
effect of current.
15. Light
1. Erect image: If the image formed is upright,
it is called an erect image.
2. Inverted image: If the image formed is
upside-down, it is called an inverted image.
3. Magnified image: If the image formed is larger
than the object, it is called magnified image.
4. Prism: A triangular piece
of glass which is used to split white light into seven colours is called prism.
5. Real image: An image which can be obtained on screen is called a real
image.
6. Virtual image: An image which cannot be
obtained on a screen is called virtual image.
7. Reflection of light:
A mirror changes the direction of light that falls on it. This change of
direction by a mirror is called reflection of light.
16. Water: A Precious Resource
1. Aquifer: At some places
groundwater is stored between layers of hard rock below the water table. This
is called an aquifer.
2. Depletion: When a natural
resource like water, forest, wild life etc gets reduced in number or quantity,
it is called depletion.
3. Drip irrigation: A technique of watering plants makes use of narrow
tubing which delivers water drop by drop at the base of the plant. This type of
irrigation is called drip irrigation.
4. Groundwater: The water found below the
water table is called groundwater.
5. Infiltration: The process of seeping of
water into the ground is called infiltration.
6. Water recharge: The seepage of rainwater and the water collected in water
bodies can replenish the underground water. This is called water recharge.
7. Water harvesting: The collection of rainwater in tanks for using it or
for recharging the groundwater is called water harvesting.
8. Water table: The space between particles of soil and gaps between rocks
are filled with water. The upper limit of this layer is called water table.
17th. The
Forest our lifeline.
1. Canopy: The branches of tall trees look like a roof over other plant in
forest and it generally look like an umbrella. This is called a canopy.
2.
Crown: The branchy part of a tree above the stem is known
as crown.
3.
Decomposers: The micro-organisms which convert the dead plants
and animals to humus are known as decomposers.
4.
Deforestation: The cutting of large number of trees in the
forest is called deforestation.
5.
Humus: Micro-organisms convert the dead plants and
animals tissue into a dark coloured substance. This substance is called humus.
6.
Regeneration: The
conditions in the forest can help revert the effect of deforestation. The cut
trees may grow again or new trees grow from seeds. This is called regeneration.
7.
Seed dispersal: The seeds of a plant
can germinate and grow into new plants at different places because seeds and
fruits are carried away by wind, water and animals. This carrying away of seed
is called seed dispersal.
8.
Soil erosion: The removal of land surface by water, wind or ice
is known as soil erosion.
9.
Understory: The plants growing under the canopy of forest is
called understory.
10. Food chain: In an ecosystem, an organism is
eaten by another which in turn is eaten by some other. This forms a chain based
on who eats whom. This is called food chain.
18. Wastewater Story
1. Aeration: The process in which air is
bubbled in wastewater to reduce bad colour and bad smell is called aeration.
2. Aerobic bacteria: The bacteria which can live only in the presence of
oxygen are called aerobic bacteria.
3. Anaerobic bacteria: The bacteria which can live even in the absence of oxygen
are called anaerobic bacteria.
4. Biogas: The fuel gas that is formed by
decaying organic matter is called biogas.
5. Contaminant: Sewage is a liquid waste.
Most of it is water which has dissolved and suspended impurities. These
impurities are called contaminants.
6. Sanitation: Arrangement to protect
public health through the provision of clean drinking water and disposal of
sewage is called sanitation.
7. Sewage: The wastewater released by
homes, industries, hospitals, offices and other users is called sewage.
8. Sewer: The pipes that take away
wastewater is called sewer.
9. Sewerage: The network of big and small
sewer pipes is called sewerage.
10. Sludge: Solids such as faeces that
settle down during wastewater treatment is called sludge.
11. Wastewater: The dirty water rich in
lather mixed with oil, black-brown in colour that goes down the drain from
sinks, showers, toilets, laundries etc. is called wastewater.
